In statistical terms, what is the approach known as when studying a population by representative samples?

The approach of studying a population by representative samples is known as sampling. This method allows researchers to gather insights and make inferences about a larger group without the need to study every individual within that population. Sampling is crucial in fields like statistics, market research, and social sciences, where examining an entire population is often impractical or impossible due to time, cost, or logistical constraints.

In this context, sampling helps ensure that the sample selected reflects the characteristics of the population accurately, which is essential for drawing valid conclusions. Various sampling techniques, such as random sampling, stratified sampling, and systematic sampling, can be employed to enhance the quality and reliability of the findings.

The other options mentioned do not pertain directly to the concept being defined in the question. Synthesis refers to the process of combining different ideas or data to form a cohesive whole; decomposition involves breaking down complex items into simpler components; and analysis typically refers to examining data or information to draw conclusions, rather than the methodology of collecting representative samples from a population.